Характеристика та порівняння основних видів автофагії

Abstract

Автофагія забезпечує виживання клітин за несприятливих умов, їх нормальний розвиток і бере участь у підтримці гомеостазу. Тому вичерпна характеристика автофагії потрібна для розуміння механізмів протидії клітини стресовим впливам. Мета цього огляду – узагальнення відомої інформації й висвітлення питань, що потребують подальших досліджень. During the process known as autophagy the cell degrades its own structures. Autophagic mechanisms play an important role in the cell`s life, maintaining the homeostasis within the cell. Autophagy not only provides an opportunity for the cell to survive (autophagic processes are induced as a response to various adverse factors – pathogen invasion or starvation), but is also needed for cell differentiation. Besides from that, there are some evidences that autophagy is carried out by the specific cell proteins not only temporary, awaken by specific cell needs, but constantly (at the specific basal level). Depending on the ways of cargo trafficking towards the lysosomes (in mammalian cells) or vacuoles (in the yeast cells) three main pathways of autophagy are distinguished: macroautophagy, chaperone-meadiated autophagy and microautophagy. Accurate and consecutive characterization of this process is necessary for understanding the mechanisms by which cell live through unfavorable conditions. Nevertheless presently studies concerning autophagy are rather fragmentary. And this review makes an attempt to summarize present knowledge of intracellular self-digestion mechanisms and to ground on this basis the most important directions for further studies.